7 Corneal and refractive surgery ............ 239
Keratoplasty .................................................................240
Keratoprostheses ..........................................................245
Refractive procedures ...................................................246
8 Episclera and sclera ................................... 253
Anatomy .......................................................................254
Episcleritis ....................................................................254
Immune-mediated scleritis ...........................................255
Infectious scleritis .........................................................262
Scleral discoloration .....................................................262
Blue sclera ...................................................................262
Miscellaneous conditions..............................................264
9 Lens ....................................................................... 269
Acquired cataract .........................................................270
Management of age-related cataract ............................273
Congenital cataract .......................................................297
Ectopia lentis ................................................................300
Abnormalities of lens shape .........................................303
10 Glaucoma ........................................................... 305
Introduction ..................................................................306
Tonometry .....................................................................307
Gonioscopy ...................................................................309
Evaluation of the optic nerve head ...............................316
Imaging in glaucoma ....................................................320
Perimetry ......................................................................323
Medical treatment of glaucoma ....................................330
Laser treatment of glaucoma ........................................334
Trabeculectomy .............................................................338
Non-penetrating glaucoma surgery ...............................345
Drainage shunts ...........................................................346
Ocular hypertension ......................................................348
Primary open-angle glaucoma ......................................349
Normal-tension glaucoma .............................................358
Primary angle-closure glaucoma ...................................360
Classification of secondary glaucoma ...........................366
Pseudoexfoliation .........................................................366
Pigment dispersion .......................................................368
Neovascular glaucoma ..................................................371
Inflammatory glaucoma ................................................374
Lens-related glaucoma .................................................377
Traumatic glaucoma ......................................................379
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome ................................381
Glaucoma associated with intraocular tumours ............383
Glaucoma secondary to epithelial ingrowth ..................384
Iridoschisis ...................................................................384
Primary congenital glaucoma ........................................384
Iridocorneal dysgenesis ................................................388
Glaucoma in phacomatoses .........................................394
11 Uveitis .................................................................. 395
Classification ................................................................396
Anterior uveitis ..............................................................396
Uveitis in spondyloarthropathies ...................................404
Fuchs uveitis syndrome ................................................407
Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis ............................408
Uveitis in bowel disease ...............................................411
Uveitis in renal disease ................................................412
Intermediate uveitis ......................................................412
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome ........................415
Sympathetic ophthalmitis .............................................416
Lens-induced uveitis .....................................................419
Sarcoidosis ...................................................................420
Behçet disease .............................................................424
Parasitic uveitis .............................................................426
Viral uveitis ...................................................................437
Fungal uveitis ...............................................................444
Bacterial uveitis ............................................................448
Miscellaneous idiopathic chorioretinopathies ................455
12 Ocular tumours ............................................... 467
Benign epibulbar tumours ............................................468
Malignant and premalignant epibulbar tumours ...........473
Iris tumours ..................................................................477
Iris cysts .......................................................................480
Ciliary body tumours .....................................................483
Tumours of the choroid .................................................484
Neural retinal tumours ..................................................497
Retinal vascular tumours ..............................................506
Primary intraocular lymphoma ......................................512
Tumours of the retinal pigment epithelium ....................514
Paraneoplastic syndromes ............................................517