A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

EIGHTH EDITION

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

To Jack Kanski, an exceptional teacher and inspirational mentor

Content Strategist: Rus Gabbedy

Content Development Specialist: Louise Cook

Content Coordinator: John Leonard

Project Manager: Anne Collett

Design: Christian Bilbow

Illustration Manager: Brett MacNaughton

Illustrators: Terry Tarrant, Ian Ramsden, Antbits

Marketing Manager (USA): Melissa Fogarty

EIGHTH EDITION

Ophthalmologist

Sydney

New South Wales

Australia

For additional online content visit expertconsult

© 2016, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.

First edition 1984

Second edition 1989

Third edition 1994

Fourth edition 1999

Fifth edition 2003

Sixth edition 2007

Seventh edition 2011

Eighth edition 2016

The right of Brad Bowling to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

your source for books, journals and multimedia in the health sciences www.elsevierhealth.com

Working together to grow libraries in developing countries

Printed in China paper manufactured from sustainable forests

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The

publisher’s policy is to use