Rainey BB, Schroeder TL, Goss DA, Grosvenor TP. Inter-examiner repeatability of heterophoria test. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:719–726.
Rouse MW, Hyman L, Hussein M. Reliability of binocular vision measurements used in the classification of convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:254–264.
Wick B. Horizontal deviations. In: Amos JF, ed. Diagnosis and management in vision care. Boston, MA: Butterworths, 1987:473.
Sheedy JE, Saladin JJ. Fixation disparity analysis of oculomotor imbalance. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980;57:632–639.
Sheedy JE, Saladin JJ. Phoria, vergence and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1977;54:474–478.
Alpern M, Kincaid WM, Lubeck MJ. Vergence and accommodation: III proposed definitions of the AC/A ratios. Am J Ophthalmol 1959;48:141–148.
Wesson MD, Koenig R. A new clinical method for direct measurement of fixation disparity. South J Optom 1983;1:48–52.
Ciuffreda KJ. Components of clinical near-vergence testing. J Behav Optom 1992;3:313.
Antona B, Barrio A, Barra F, Gonzalez E, Sanchez I. Repeatability and agreement in the measurement of horizontal fusional vergences. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008;28(5):475–491.
Goss DA, Becker E. Comparison of near fusional vergence ranges with rotary prisms and with prism bars. Optometry 2011;82(2):104–107.
Melville A, Firth AY. Is there a relationship between prism fusion range and vergence facility? Br Orthopt J 2002;59:38–44.
McDaniel C, Fogt N. Vergence adaptation in clinical vergence testing. Optometry 2010;81(9):469–475.
Rouse MW, Hyman L, CIRS Study Group. How do you make the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency? Survey results. J Optom Vis Devel 1997;28:91–97.
Benjamin WJ, Borish IM. Borish’s clinical refraction. St. Louis: WB Saunders Co, 1998.
Mohindra I, Molinari J. Convergence insufficiency: its diagnosis and management–Part I. Optom Mon 1980;71(3):38–43.
Davies CE. Orthoptics treatment in convergence insufficiency. J Can Med Assoc 1946;55:47–49.
Maples WC, Hoenes R. Near point of convergence norms measured in elementary school children. Optom Vis Sci 2007;84:224–228.
Capobianco M. The subjective measurement of the near point of convergence and its significance in the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency. Am Orthopt J 1952;2:40–42.
Rosner J. Pediatric optometry. Boston, MA: Butterworth, 1982.
von Noorden GK, Brown DJ, Parks M. Associated convergence and accommodative insufficiency. Doc Ophthal 1973;34:393–403.
Pickwell LD, Stephens LC. Inadequate convergence. Br J Physiol Opt 1975;30:34–37.
Pickwell LD. Prevalence and management of divergence excess. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:78–81.
Hayes GJ, Cohen BE, Rouse MW, de Land PN. Normative values for the nearpoint of convergence of elementary schoolchildren. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:506–512.
Parks MM. Ocular motility and strabismus. Hagerstown: Harper & Row, 1975.
Carlson NB, Kurtz D, Heath DA, Hines C. Clinical procedures for ocular examination. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1996.
Wick B. Suppression. In: Eskridge JB, Amos JF, Bartlett JD, eds. Clinical procedures in optometry. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1991:698–707.
Cooper J, Warshowsky J. Lateral displacement as a response cue in the Titmus Stereo test. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1977;54:537–541.
Cooper J, Feldman J. Random dot stereogram performance by strabismic, amblyopic, and ocular pathology patients in an operant discrimination task. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1978;55:599–609.
Hatch SW, Richman JE. Stereopsis testing without polarized glasses: a comparison study on five new stereoacuity tests. J Am Optom Assoc 1994;65:637–641.
Yamada T, Scheiman M, Mitchell GL. A comparison of stereopsis testing between red/green targets and polarized targets in patients with normal binocular vision. Optometry 2008;79(3):138–142.
Wang J, Hatt SR, O’Connor AR, Drover JR, Adams R, Birch EE, et al. Final version of the Distance Randot Stereotest: normative data, reliability, and validity. J AAPOS 2010;14(2):142–146. PMCID: PMC2866770.
Scheiman M, Herzberg H, Frantz K, Margolies M. Normative study of accommodative facility in elementary schoolchildren. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1988;65:127–134.
Pierce JR, Greenspan SB. Accommodative rock procedures in VT – A clinical guide. Optom Weekly 1971;62(33):776–780.
Liu JS, Lee M, Jang J, et al. Objective assessment of accommodative orthoptics: 1 dynamic insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:285–294.
Zellers JA, Alpert TL, Rouse MW. A review of the literature and a normative study of accommodative facility. J Am Optom Assoc 1984;55:31–37.
Hennessey D, Iosue RA, Rouse MW. Relation of symptoms to accommodative infacility of school-aged children. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61:177–183.
Levine S, Ciuffreda KJ, Selenow A, Flax N. Clinical assessment of accommodative facility in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Am Optom Assoc 1985;56:286–290.
Haynes RB, Dantes R. Patient compliance and the conduct and interpretation of therapeutic trials. Control Clin Trials 1987;8(1):12–19.
Bieber JC. Why nearpoint retinoscopy with children? Optom Weekly 1974;65:54–57.
Rouse MW, London R, Allen DC. An evaluation of the monocular estimation method of dynamic retinoscopy. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982;59:234–239.
Rouse MW, Hutter RF, Shiftlett R. A normative study of the accommodative lag in elementary schoolchildren. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61:693–697.
Nott IS. Dynamic skiametry. Accommodative convergence and fusion convergence. Am J Physiol Opt 1926;7:366–374.
Nott IS. Dynamic skiametry, accommodation and convergence. Am J Physiol Opt 1925;6:490–503.
Goss DA, Groppel P, Dominguez L. Comparison of MEM retinoscopy and Nott retinoscopy and their interexaminer repeatabilities. J Behav Optom 2005;16:149–155.
Wick B, Hall P. Relation among accommodative facility, lag, and amplitude in elementary school children. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64.
Woehrle MB, Peters RJ, Frantz KA. Accommodative amplitude determination: can we substitute the pull away for the push-up method? J Optom Vis Dev 1997;28:246–249.
Hamasaki D, Onj J, Marg E. The amplitude of accommodation in presbyopia. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1956;33:3–14.
Hofstetter HW. Useful age-amplitude formula. Opt World 1950;38(December):42–45.
Siderov J, DiGuglielmo L. Binocular accommodative facility in prepresbyopic adults and its relation to symptoms. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:49–53.
Yothers TL, Wick B, Morse SE. Clinical testing of accommodative facility: part II. Development of an amplitude-scaled test. Optometry 2002;73(2):91–102.
Higgins JD. Oculomotor system. In: Barresi B, ed. Ocular assessment. Boston, MA: Butterworth, 1984.
Grisham D, Simons H. Perspectives on reading disabilities. In: Rosenbloom AA, Morgan MW, eds. Pediatric optometry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1990:518–559.
Maples WC. NSUCO oculomotor test. Santa Ana, CA: Optometric Extension Program, 1995.
Rouse MW, Ryan J. Clinical examination in children. In: Rosenbloom AA, Morgan MW, eds. Pediatric optometry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 1990.
Maples WC, Ficklin TW. Interrater and test retest reliability of pursuits and saccades. J Am Optom Assoc 1988;59:549–552.
Richman JE, Walker AJ, Garzia RP. The impact of automatic digit naming ability on a clinical test of eye movement functioning. J Am Optom Assoc 1983;54:617–622.
Garzia RP, Richman JE, Nicholson SB, Gaines CS. A new visual verbal saccade test: the developmental eye movement test (DEM). J Am Optom Assoc 1990;61:124–135.
Oride M, Marutani JK, Rouse MW, Deland P. Reliability study of the Pierce and King-Devick tests. J Am Optom Assoc 1986;63:419–424.
Rouse MW, Nestor EM, Parot CJ, et al. A reevaluation of the developmental eye movement (DEM) test’s reliability. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:934–1038.
Tassinari JT, DeLand PN. Developmental eye movement test: reliability and symptomatology. Optometry 2005;76:387–399.
Orlansky G, Hopkins KB, Mitchell GL, Huang K, Frazier M, Heyman C, et al. Reliability of the developmental eye movement test. Optom Vis Sci 2011;88(12):1507–1519.
Powell JM, Fan MY, Kiltz PJ, Bergman AT, Richman J. A comparison of the Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM) and a modified version of the adult Developmental Eye Movement Test (A-DEM) with older adults. J Beh Optom 2006;17:59–64.
Powell JM, Birk K, Cummings EH, Ciol MA. The need for adult norms on the Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM). J Behav Optom 2005;16:38–41.
Sampedro AG, Richman JE, Pardo M. The Adult Developmental Eye Movement Test (A-DEM): a tool for saccadic evaluation in adults. J Behav Optom 2003;14(4):101–105.
Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis. Optometry 2007;78(4):155–161.
Brahm KD, Wilgenburg HM, Kirby J, Ingalla S, Chang CY, Goodrich GL. Visual impairment and dysfunction in combat-injured servicemembers with traumatic brain injury. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86(7):817–825.
Goodrich GL, Kirby J, Cockerham G, Ingalla SP, Lew HL. Visual function in patients of a polytrauma
rehabilitation center: a descriptive study. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007;44(7):929–936.