The American Academy of Ophthalmology is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of 15 extent of their participation in the activity.AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the CME expiration date: June 1, 2025. June 1, 2022, and the expiration date. AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ may be claimed only once between

To claim priate knowledge and participation in the activity by taking the posttest for Section 6 and achieving a score of AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ upon completion of this activity, learners must demonstrate appro- 80% or higher. For further details, please see the instructions for requesting CME credit at the back of the book.

The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. It is not intended to represent the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management. Including all indications, contraindications, side effects, and alternative agents for each drug or treatment is beyond the scope of this material. All information and recommendations should be verified, prior to use, with current information included in the manufacturers’ package inserts or other independent sources, and considered in light of the patient’s condition and history. Reference to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in this course is made for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Some material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate, informed patient consent in compliance with applicable law. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise from the use of any recommendations or other information contained herein.

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Cover image: From BCSC Section 4, Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors. Photomicrograph of focal posttraumatic choroidal granulomatous inflammation. (Courtesy of Vivian Lee, MD.)

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Printed in India.

Christopher J. Rapuano, MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Se nior Secretary for Clinical Education

J. Timothy Stout, MD, PhD, MBA, Houston, Texas Secretary for Lifelong Learning and Assessment

Colin A. McCannel, MD, Los Angeles, California BCSC Course Chair