Eu ro pean Board of Ophthalmology: Carlo Traverso, MD, Chair, Genoa, Italy; Gordana Sunaric Mégevand, MD, FMH, FEBO, Liaison, Geneva, Switzerland; Augusto Azuara- Blanco, PhD, FRCS(Ed), FRCOphth, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Anders Heijl, MD, PhD, Malmö, Sweden; Gabor Hollo, MD, PhD, DSc, Budapest, Hungary; Anja Tuulonen, MD, PhD, Tampere, Finland

Acad emy staff members who contributed to the development of this product state that within the 12 months prior to their contributions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had no financial interest in or other relationship with any entity discussed in this course that produces, markets, resells, or distributes ophthalmic health care goods or ser vices consumed by or used in patients, or with any competing commercial product or ser vice.

The authors and reviewers state that within the 12 months prior to their contributions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had the following financial relationships:*

Dr Boland: Alcon Laboratories (S), Carl Zeiss Meditec (C), Heidelberg Engineering (L), W.L. Gore and Associates (C)

Dr Conner: Ocugenix (C, O, P)

Dr Crowder: Gore (C), Medtronic (C), Phillips (C)

Dr Fouraker: Addition Technology (C, L), Alcon Laboratories (C, L), OASIS Medical (C, L)

Dr Giaconi: Allergan (L), New World Medical (C)

Dr Hamam: Abbvie (C, L, S)

Dr Heijl: Allergan (C, L), Santen (L), Zeiss (C, L, P)

Dr Hollo: Alcon Laboratories (C, L), Allergan (L), Santen (C, L)

Dr Klapper: AdOM Advanced Optical Technologies (O)

Dr Kuriyan: Alimera Sciences (C), Allergan (C), Regeneron (C), Second Sight (S) Valeant (C)

Dr Ken Lin: Johnson & Johnson (C)

Dr Shan Lin: Aerie Phar ma ceu ti cals (C, L), AlEyegn (C), Allergan (C), Bausch + Lomb (C, L), Eyenovia (C), IRIDEX (C), Tomey Corporation (C)

Dr Medeiros: Carl Zeiss (C, S), Heidelberg Engineering (C, S), NGoggle (P)

Dr Mégevand: Alcon Laboratories (C), Allergan (C)

Dr Modi: Alimera (C), Allergan (C), Genentech (C), Novartis (C)

Dr Moroi: Aerie Phar ma ceu ti cals (S), Allergan (S), Bausch + Lomb (L), MedForce (L), Icare USA (S), Dr Gaurav Shah: Allergan (C, S), Bausch + Lomb (L), DORC International, bv/Dutch Ophthalmics, USA (S), Johnson & Johnson (L), QLT Phototherapeutics (C, L), Regeneron (C, L)

Dr Syed Shah: Quantum Analytics (O), Quantum Ophthalmics (O), Quantum Vision (O)

Dr Sit: Aerie Phar ma ceu ti cals (C, S), Allergan (C), Glaukos Corporation (S), Inject- Sense (C, O), PolyActiva, Pty (C)

Dr Tanna: Aeon Astron  B.  V., Leiden (C), Alcon Laboratories (C), Apotex (C), Bausch + Lomb (C), Carl Zeiss Meditec (C), ForSight VISION5 (C), Ivantis (C), Lynntech (C), Par Phar ma ceu ti cals (C), Sandoz (C), Watson Laboratories (C)

Dr Tang: EMD Serono (L), Horizon (C, S), Immunovant (S), Quark (C, S), Regenera (S), Sanofi (L), Zeiss (L)

Dr Traverso: Alcon Laboratories (C, L), Allergan (C), Santen (C, L), Théa (C)

Dr Van Tassel: New World Medical (L)

The other authors and reviewers state that within the 12 months prior to their contributions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had no financial interest in or other relationship with any entity discussed in this course that produces, markets, resells, or distributes ophthalmic health care goods or ser vices consumed by or used in patients, or with any competing commercial product or ser vice.

*C = con sul tant fee, paid advisory boards, or fees for attending a meeting; E = employed by or received a W2 from a commercial com pany; L = lecture fees or honoraria, travel fees or reimbursements when speaking at the invitation of a commercial com pany; O = equity own ership/stock options in publicly or privately traded firms, excluding mutual funds; P = patents and/or royalties for intellectual property; S = grant support or other financial support to the investigator from all sources, including research support from government agencies, foundations, device manufacturers, and/or phar ma ceu ti cal companies

Anjali M. Bhorade, MD

Christopher A. Girkin, MD

In addition, the Acad emy gratefully acknowledges the contributions of numerous past faculty and advisory committee members who have played an impor tant role in the development of previous editions of the Basic and Clinical Science Course.

Dale E. Fajardo, EdD, MBA, Vice President, Education

Beth Wilson, Director, Continuing Professional Development

Ann McGuire, Acquisitions and Development Man ag er

Stephanie Tanaka, Publications Man ag er

Susan Malloy, Acquisitions Editor and Program Man ag er

Jasmine Chen, Man ag er, E- Learning

Teri Bell, Production Man ag er

Beth Collins, Medical Editor

Eric Gerdes, Interactive Designer

Lynda Hanwella, Publications Specialist

Naomi Ruiz, BCSC Proj ects Specialist

Debra Marchi, Permissions Assistant

655 Beach Street

Box 7424

San Francisco, CA 94120-7424

The Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC) is designed to meet the needs of residents and practitioners for a comprehensive yet concise curriculum of the field of ophthalmology. The BCSC has developed from its original brief outline format, which relied heavily on outside readings, to a more convenient and educationally useful self-contained text. The Academy updates and revises the course annually, with the goals of integrating the basic science and clinical practice of ophthalmology and of keeping ophthalmologists current with new developments in the various subspecialties.

The BCSC incorporates the effort and expertise of more than 90 ophthalmologists, organized into 13 Section faculties, working with Academy editorial staff. In addition, the course continues to benefit from many lasting contributions made by the faculties of previous editions. Members of the Academy Practicing Ophthalmologists Advisory Committee for Education, Committee on Aging, and Vision Rehabilitation Committee review every volume before major revisions, as does a group of select residents and fellows. Members of the European Board of Ophthalmology, organized into Section faculties, also review volumes before major revisions, focusing primarily on differences between American and European ophthalmology practice.