Eu­ro­pean Board of Ophthalmology: Lotte Welinder, MD, Liaison, Aalborg, Denmark; Susan P. Mollan, MBChB, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Acad­emy staff members who contributed to the development of this product state that within the 12 months prior to their contributions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had no financial interest in or other relationship with any entity discussed in this course that produces, markets, resells, or distributes ophthalmic health care goods or ser­vices consumed by or used in patients, or with any competing commercial product or ser­vice.

The authors and reviewers state that within the 12 months prior to their contributions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had the following financial relationships:*

Dr Bhatti: Novartis (L), Receptos (C)

Dr Danesh-­Meyer: Alcon (C, L), Allergan (C), Glaukos (C)

Dr Fouraker: Addition Technology (C, L), AJL Ophthalmic SA (C, L), Alcon (C, L), OASIS Medical (C, L)

Dr Klapper: AdOM Advanced Optical Technologies (O)

Dr Lee: Horizon Therapeutics (C)

Dr Levin: Aerie Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C), Allergan (C), Eyevensys (C), Galimedix Therapeu­ tics (C), Inotek Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C), Quark Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C), Regenera Pharma (C), Santen (C), Teva Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal Industries (C)

Dr Modi: Alimera Sciences (C), Allergan (C), Genentech (C), Théa (C), ZEISS (C)

Dr Mollan: Allergan (L), Chugai (C, L), Heidelberg Engineering (L), Roche Diagnostics (C, L), Santen (L), Santhera Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (L)

Dr Moss: Optina Diagnostics (C), Regenera Pharma (S), Verily (C)

Dr Robinson: Horizon Therapeutics (O)

Dr Shah: Allergan (C, S), Bausch + Lomb (L), D.O.R.C. Dutch Ophthalmic Research Cen­ ter (International) B.V./Dutch Ophthalmic USA (S), Regeneron Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C, L)

Dr Tang: EMD Serono (L), Horizon Therapeutics (C, S), Immunovant (S), Novartis (S), Quark Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C, S), Regenera Pharma (S), Sanofi (L), ZEISS (L)

Dr Van Tassel: Aerie Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cals (C), Allergan (C), Equinox (C), New World Medical (C)

The other authors and reviewers state that within the 12 months prior to their contribu­ tions to this CME activity and for the duration of development, they have had no financial interest in or other relationship with any entity discussed in this course that produces, markets, resells, or distributes ophthalmic health care goods or ser­vices consumed by or used in patients, or with any competing commercial product or ser­vice.

* C = con­sul­tant fee, paid advisory boards, or fees for attending a meeting; E = employed by or received a W2 from a commercial com­pany; L = lecture fees or honoraria, travel fees or reimbursements when speaking at the invitation of a commercial com­pany; O = equity own­ership/stock options in publicly or privately traded firms, excluding mutual funds; P = patents and/or royalties for intellectual property; S = grant support or other financial support to the investigator from all sources, including research sup­ port from government agencies, foundations, device manufacturers, and/or phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal companies

Valerie Biousse, MD

Swaraj Bose, MD

Julie Falardeau, MD

In addition, the Acad­emy gratefully acknowledges the contributions of numerous past faculty and advisory committee members who have played an impor­tant role in the devel­ opment of previous editions of the Basic and Clinical Science Course.

Dale E. Fajardo, EdD, MBA, Vice President, Education

Beth Wilson, Director, Continuing Professional Development

Denise Evenson, Director, Brand & Creative

Susan Malloy, Acquisitions and Development Man­ag­er

Stephanie Tanaka, Publications Man­ag­er

Jasmine Chen, Man­ag­er, E-­Learning

Lana Ip, Se­nior Designer

Beth Collins, Medical Editor

Eric Gerdes, Interactive Designer

Lynda Hanwella, Publications Specialist

Debra Marchi, Permissions Assistant

655 Beach Street

Box 7424

San Francisco, CA 94120-7424

The Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC) is designed to meet the needs of residents and practitioners for a comprehensive yet concise curriculum of the field of ophthalmol­ ogy. The BCSC has developed from its original brief outline format, which relied heavily on outside readings, to a more convenient and educationally useful self-contained text. The Academy updates and revises the course annually, with the goals of integrating the basic science and clinical practice of ophthalmology and of keeping ophthalmologists cur­ rent with new developments in the various subspecialties.

The BCSC incorporates the effort and expertise of more than 100 ophthalmologists, organized into 13 Section faculties, working with Academy editorial staff. In addition, the course continues to benefit from many lasting contributions made by the faculties of previous editions. Members of the Academy Practicing Ophthalmologists Advisory Com­ mittee for Education, Committee on Aging, and Vision Rehabilitation Committee re­ view every volume before major revisions, as does a group of select residents and fellows. Members of the European Board of Ophthalmology, organized into Section faculties, also review volumes before major revisions, focusing primarily on differences between Ameri­ can and European ophthalmology practice.

The Basic and Clinical Science Course comprises 13 volumes, incorporating fundamental ophthalmic knowledge, subspecialty areas, and special topics: