Science Course^™

Published after collaborative review with the European Board of Ophthalmology subcommittee

The American Academy of Ophthalmology is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Con­ tinuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of the extent of their participation in the activity.™ 15 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits . Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with June 1, 2021, and the expiration date.CME expiration date: June 1, 2024. AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ may be claimed only once between

BCSC $^{\circledR}$ volumes are designed to increase the physician's ophthalmic knowledge through study and review. Users of this activity are encouraged to read the text and then answer the study questions provided at the back of the book.

To claim strate appropriate knowledge and participation in the activity by taking the posttest for Section 5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ upon completion of this activity, learners must demon­ and achieving a score of 80% or higher. For further details, please see the instructions for requesting CME credit at the back of the book.

The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. It is not intended to represent the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management. Including all indications, contraindications, side effects, and alternative agents for each drug or treatment is beyond the scope of this material. All information and recommendations should be verified, prior to use, with current information included in the manufac­ turers’ package inserts or other independent sources, and considered in light of the patient’s condition and history. Reference to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in this course is made for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Some material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate, informed patient consent in compliance with applicable law. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise from the use of any recommendations or other information contained herein.

All trademarks, trade names, logos, brand names, and service marks of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), whether registered or unregistered, are the property of AAO and are ­protected by US and international trademark laws. These trademarks include, but are not limited to, AAO; AAOE; AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY; BASIC AND CLINICAL ­SCIENCE COURSE; BCSC; EYENET; EYEWIKI; FOCAL POINTS; FOCUS DESIGN (logo on cover); IRIS; IRIS ­REGISTRY; ISRS; OKAP; ONE NETWORK; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPHTHALMOLOGY ­GLAUCOMA; ­OPHTHALMOLOGY RETINA; OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE; ­OPHTHALMOLOGY WORLD NEWS; PREFERRED PRACTICE PATTERN; PROTECTING SIGHT. EMPOWERING LIVES.; THE OPHTHALMIC NEWS AND EDUCATION NETWORK.

Cover image: From BCSC Section 8, External Disease and Cornea. Fluorescein brightly stains the base of the herpes simplex virus epithelial dendritic lesions in a cornea after LASIK. (Courtesy of Arie L. Marcovich, MD, PhD.)

Paper from

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Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Ophthalmology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission.

Printed in China.

Christopher J. Rapuano, MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Se­nior Secretary for Clinical Education

J. Timothy Stout, MD, PhD, MBA, Houston, Texas Secretary for Lifelong Learning and Assessment

Colin A. McCannel, MD, Los Angeles, California BCSC Course Chair