The
Vills Eye Manual
Office and Emergency Room
Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
8 th Edition
Text Editors:
Kalla Gervasio
Travis Peck
Multimedia Editors:
Cherie Fathy
Meera Sivalingam
Founding Editors:
Mark A. Friedberg
Christopher J. Rapuano
The Wills Eye Manual
Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
EIGHTH EDITION
Text Editors
Kalla A. Gervasio • Travis J. Peck
Multimedia Editors
Cherie A. Fathy • Meera D. Sivalingam
Founding Editors
Mark A. Friedberg • Christopher J. Rapuano
Philadelphia • Baltimore • New York • London Buenos Aires • Hong Kong • Sydney • Tokyo
Acquisitions Editor: Chris Teja Development Editor: Eric McDermott Senior Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri Editorial Assistant: Maribeth Wood Marketing Manager: Kirsten Watrud Production Project Manager: Kirstin Johnson Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: TNQ Technologies Cover Photo Credit: Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.
Eighth edition
Copyright $\textcircled{c}$ 2022 Wolters Kluwer.
Seventh Edition $\copyright$ 2017 Wolters Kluwer Sixth Edition, $\copyright$ 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business Fifth Edition $\copyright$ 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business Fourth Edition $\copyright$ 2004, by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business Third Edition, $\copyright$ 1999 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Second Edition, $\copyright$ 1994 by Lippincott-Raven Publishers First Edition, $\copyright$ 1990 by J.B. Lippincott Company
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and services).
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China shop.lww.com




